Number of awarded patents accumulated until last completed calendar year. If a patent is awarded in multiple countries, each instance is credited for separately.

Number of new businesses ventures based on innovations and business ideas by university students or employees (accumulated). The startup or spinoff should be linked to related to work done by the student or the faculty at the university.

Research expenditure as percentage of total expenditure for the last completed fiscal year. Research expenditure was calculated from direct Capital and Operation research expenses reported by HEIs to CHEDS.

Number of publications (obtained from Elsevier's Scopus database) divided by the number of academic staff (FTE). ‘THE’ definition for academic staff was used for the calculations.

This metric indicates how the number of citations received by a researcher’s publications compares with the average number of citations received by all other similar publications indexed in the Scopus database. SciVal uses Snowball metrics for this indicator.

Number of doctoral degrees awarded per academic staff. The degree level definitions were followed as per ISCED. Academic staff definitions were applied as per ‘THE’.

This indicator calculates what percentage of an institution’s publications are in the top 25% of the most cited journals indexed by Scopus.

Number of Patents filed (accumulated). If a patent is filed in multiple countries, each instance is credited for separately. This indicator follows MOE definition.

External research income (obtained through a competitive process, including income from research grants and contracts) per academic staff (FTE). Times Higher Education ‘THE’ definition for academic staff was used for the calculations.